Rice farming systems

Subak is a Balinese traditional institutions with special functions to manage the water rice field in Bali (The transformation of Balinese Subak Irrigation System Based on Tri Hita Karana, Wayan Windia doctoral dissertation at the UGM, 2002). Existence subak evenly in Bali until all agricultural activities are dominated by rice fields must contact subak.

Picture of activities in any subak something like. As normal, the activity of water regulation to inundate rice terraces, seed nurseries, land management, and planting rice seedlings. Others, clearing weeds, fertilizing, spraying drugs, typically block shouting pest birds, to harvest and occasionally marked with traditional ceremonies.

However, when visiting Subak Guama in District Marga, Tabanan, Bali, on Monday (15 / 9), there is a little different scenery. Guama Subak which is part of the area-three villages Selanbawak, Peken, and Batannyuh-supported wet land area of 179 hectares (ha).

When entering the mouth with a view subak still prevalent. Call it, for example, farmers busy work together to harvest rice. On the plot side, a group of other farmers are busy mengarungkan grain seeds have been separated from the other empty and dirt.

In other plots, Nyoman Kamur (50) with his wife, Ni Ketut Sarpu, assiduously cultivated in fields of soybean seed that has not been a week off the rice harvest. Substitution plants this time than anticipated water shortages associated improvement plans dams and waterways to the spread of Subak Guama.

"We've been told will occur due to lack of water reservoirs and improved channels. Therefore, our rice fields planted soybeans temporarily, "said Kamur, 20 are land owners (2,000 square meters) in Subak Guama.

Not far downstream is the land that is processed by intercropping. sup<2>res<>res< (20 are) ditanami berbagai jenis sayuran, seperti kacang-kacangan dan terung dan lainnya." onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">On top of land approximately 20,000 m> sup <2> res <> res <(20 acres) planted with various kinds of vegetables, such as beans and eggplant, and others. At the same land planted with papaya and oranges.

"Land mine if continued forced to plant rice, the results are increasingly declining since the fertility rate has decreased a lot for the rice crop. Therefore, replaced by crops intercropping patterns. This pattern is a new breakthrough in this area, but must be initiated and the results were quite encouraging, "said Made Mertiyasa, farmer's business owners.

He gave the example of peanut vegetable business. If conducive, peanut plants can harvest 20 times in one season (45 days). "If another provision, the harvest of the 20 are in season can generate Rp 10 million," said the father of four children and six grandchildren that.

Other sights

In addition to the standard activities, as in subak general in Bali, on the Guama Subak also found a number of different views, of which paddy field in the middle there is a building which was the office of Cooperative STRENGTH Subak Guama. "The word 'STRENGTH' is an abbreviation of Integrated Agribusiness Cooperative Enterprises," said Great Kumandalu, co-op's manager, in Subak Guama, Monday evening.

STRONG Cooperative Subak Guama stood since 2003. Subak together, these cooperatives, in addition to irrigating the fields set as the main focus, also cultivate other businesses, including seeding of rice, cattle and pig farms, savings and loans, provision of agricultural production (saprodi), organic fertilizer processing, and a number of other activities. These include providing loans involving 544 farmers subak it.

Various activities were not only of the agenda. On the left side of the front page office has long stretches of cement floor used for drying grain. However, grain is dried in the sun there, as witnessed on Monday (15 / 9) special day for seeding.

Like Renaissance Court recognized, the resulting rice seeds from Guama approximately 200 tons per year. The amount is in addition to the needs of 179 ha of rice seeds Guama Subak also been widespread at least in Bali.

On the left side of the cooperative's office, a group of women busy sifting the material processed into organic fertilizer. The main raw material of organic fertilizer is derived from domesticated cow dung farmers hundreds Subak Guama. "Ciritnya processed into solid manure and urine into liquid fertilizer. Everything is useful, "said a fellow officer Renaissance Court.

Like rice seeds, organic fertilizer from recent Guama not only for the needs of farmers lost subak it. "The market has expanded all over Bali, and even been on display in a number of shopping centers in Denpasar," he said.

Especially in Subak Guama, the use of organic fertilizers they produce continue to be encouraged. Great Renaissance with the Head Office of Agriculture Food Tabanan I Gede Made Sukawijaya pointed use of chemical fertilizers in Guama and Tabanan, generally, has been reduced. "The use of urea is usually 225 kg per ha, but especially in Guama Subak has decreased to around 150 kg per ha," said Sukawijaya.

Another distinct landscape is the presence of dozens of huts in Guama. It was a simple hut special cages for maintenance and fattening cattle and also pigs, the droppings into organic fertilizer raw materials are.

Like the Great Kamandula recognized, there are at least 700 cows owned by 544 farmer families in Guama, including eight of them owned cattle cooperative. Pets were all reared under a special cottage. "If a pig farm in Guama Subak more numbers, each family farmers maintain at least two tails," he said.

Farmers Nyoman Kamur with his wife, Ni Ketut Sarpu, in a separate place to admit, various forms of support and assistance through the Cooperative STRENGTH Guama Subak was beneficial. As an example he mentioned, since the presence of cooperative five years ago, the farmers at least free from trouble buying saprodi for rice processing. It happened thanks to the cooperative that provides loans to farmers and saprodi paid after the harvest.

Another example, the productivity of their rice acreage increased. "Since assistance with the cooperative, the results of our field average 80-90 kg (dry grain harvests) per are (100 m2). Previously, the result is only 50-60 kg per are, "said Nyoman Kamur.

Guama Subak offensive presence in Marga, head of Agriculture Offices I Gede Made Tabanan Sukawijaya admitted, the local government placed great hopes on the subak. He said, Tabanan regency since the beginning of encouraging agricultural business model as developed in Guama Subak to develop integrated farming systems.

"Tabanan is the main rice-producing centers in Bali. Therefore, the Government is very concerned Tabanan build business models integrated agribusiness farming shaped as developed in Subak Guama, "he said during a visit to Sukawijaya subak, the second week of September.

Tabanan District currently has 22,479 ha of rice field. Overall management of land within 223 subak in the district. According to records Sukawijaya, productivity of rice land in Tabanan average 6.25 tons of dry milled grain per hectare or the production of rice is always a surplus, approximately 50,000 tons per year.

Summary of standard and unique scenery in Guama Subak is a picture of a subak multiperan. Joint cooperation that now beraset approximately USD 2.5 billion, and animate Subak Guama integrated agribusiness development. The pattern is the cultivation of wet-rice cultivation combined with cattle raising and other activities.

Or as professor said the Department of Agricultural Economics Faculty of Social and Udayana University Bali, Prof Ir Dr Wayan Windia, Guama Subak actually encourage the development of wet-rice cultivation efforts are not only emphasize the socio-cultural aspects, but at the same socio-economic aspects. "Business model that only emphasizes the socio-cultural proved highly vulnerable to outside intervention. Bargaining position of farmers should be strengthened with relevant business areas of socio-economic, "said Wayan Windia in Denpasar,